Indira Gandhi

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi served as the prime minister of India for three consecutive terms (1966 to 1977) and a fourth term (1980 to 1984). She adhered to the quasi-socialist policies of industrial development that were begun by her father, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India. As prime minister, Gandhi established closer relations with the Soviet Union, depending on that nation for support in India's long-standing conflict with Pakistan.

Gandhi was born November 19, 1917. She attended Visva-Bharati University, West Bengal, and the University of Oxford. In 1942, she married Feroze Gandhi, a fellow member of the national Congress Party. She was a member of the working committee of the ruling Congress Party from 1955, and in 1959 she was elected to the largely honorary post of party president. Lal Bahadur Shastri, who succeeded Nehru as prime minister in 1964, named her Minister of Information and Broadcasting in his government.

Upon Shastri's sudden death in January 1966, Gandhi became leader of the Congress Party and the prime minister in a compromise between the right and left wings of the party. Her leadership, however, came under continual challenge from the right wing of the party, led by a former finance minister, Morarji Desai. In the election of 1967, she won a slim majority and had to accept Desai as Deputy Prime Minister. In 1971, she won a sweeping electoral victory over a coalition of conservative parties. Gandhi strongly supported East Bengal (now Bangladesh) in its secessionist conflict with Pakistan in late 1971; India's armed forces achieved a swift and decisive victory over Pakistan that led to the creation of Bangladesh.

In March 1972, after India's victory over Pakistan, Gandhi again led her new Congress Party to a landslide victory in the national elections. Shortly afterward, her defeated Socialist opponent charged that she had violated the election laws. In June 1975, the High Court of Allahabad ruled against her, which meant that she would be deprived of her seat in the parliament and would have to stay out of politics for six years. In response, she declared a state of emergency throughout India, imprisoned her political opponents, and assumed emergency powers, passing many laws limiting personal freedoms. During this period, she implemented several unpopular policies, including large-scale sterilization as a form of birth control. When long-postponed national elections were held in 1977, Gandhi and her party were soundly defeated, whereupon she left office. The Janata Party took over the reins of government.

Early in 1978, Gandhi's supporters split from the Congress Party and formed the Congress (I) Party—the "I" signifying Indira. Gandhi was briefly imprisoned (October 1977 and December 1978) on charges of official corruption. Despite these setbacks, she won a new seat in the parliament in November 1978, and her Congress (I) Party began to gather strength. Dissension within the ruling Janata Party led to the fall of its government in August 1979. When new elections for the Lok Sabha (lower house of Parliament) were held in January 1980, Gandhi and her Congress (I) Party were swept back into power in a landslide victory. Her son, Sanjay Gandhi, who had become her chief political advisor, also won a seat in the Lok Sabha. All legal cases against Indira, as well as against her son, were withdrawn.

Sanjay Gandhi's death, in an airplane crash in June 1980, eliminated Indira's chosen successor to the political leadership of India. After Sanjay's death, Indira groomed her other son, Rajiv, for the leadership of her party. During the early 1980s, Indira Gandhi was faced with threats to the political integrity of India. Several states sought a larger measure of independence from the central government, and Sikh extremists in the Punjab used violence to assert their demands for an autonomous state. In response, Gandhi ordered an army attack in June 1984 on the Golden Temple of Amritsar, the Sikhs' holiest shrine, which led to the deaths of more than 450 Sikhs. Five months later, Gandhi was killed in her garden by two of her own Sikh bodyguards in revenge for the attack on the Golden Temple.